ESTERS!

Don't confuse this with Ethers! Ethers contain an oxygen group connected to 2 alkyl (carbon) chains!

Esters:

• End with -anoate (ie. propyl Methanoate)
• The -anoate part is counted through the double bonded oxygen
• One of the simplest esters is ethyl methanoate:

Here are some common structural diagrams of Esters. See if you can identify the compound name! The answers will be on the bottom.

Answers: 1) Propyl Methanoate

2) Ethyl Propanoate

3) 1,2 Dimethyl  Propyl Propanoate

We also learned about Esterification! It's actually pretty cool and easy! 

The only thing you need to remember with Esterification is that it is formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid (doubled bonded oxygen + OH) and an alcohol. This produces H2O!

Basically this is what esterification is:

And thats how you do it :) NOW TIME TO ACE THIS ORGANIC CHEMISTRY TEST!

Here is a video reviewing everything in organic chemistry!

Post By Ren Ren

AMINES & AMIDES

A little lesson on Amines and Amides!

AMINES:

• Amines are function groups that contain a NITROGEN COMPOUND bonded to either Hydrogens or Carbons!

There are three types of amines: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

1. Primary amines have 1 carbon chain
2. Secondary amines have 2 carbon chains
3. Tertiary amines have 3 carbon chains
4. Alphabetically name the alkyl chains followed by the ending -AMINE

Examples of some amines:

1. On the left: You see a nitrogen compound connected to 3 different carbon groups. You can determine that this is a tertiary amine because it has 3 carbon chains! To name this compound, you see 2 groups of 2 carbons and 1 group of a single carbon chain. Thus, we conclude this amine is called:

Diethyl methyl Amine

2. On the right: This is also a tertiary amine. The name of this compound is trimethyl amine.

Name this compound if you can!

Answer: Tripentyl amine

AMIDES:

• Amides are functional groups with CONH3

• Name the alkyl (carbon) chain and add -amide ending
• The simplest amide is ethanamide:

Now its your turn! Try some of these Amides! The answers will be on the bottom!

Answers: 1) Propanamide

2) 2,2,3 tribromo Butanamide

3) Pentylamine

4) Phenylamine

And heres a pretty well made video concerning all the functional groups we learned so far! Enjoy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mAjrnZ-znkY

(You'll have to click the link because youtube wont let anyone watch it outside of their website. Party poopers!)

Post by Ren Ren Flores

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

Today we learned about 2 functional groups! Functional groups are organic compounds that can contain elements other than Carbon or Hydrogen. These organic compounds contain elements such as Oxygen (alcohols),  group 7 elements (halides), double bonded oxygens (ketones/aldehydes), a combination of a double bonded oxygen and an OH group (carboxylic acids), Nitrogens (Amines) and the list goes on and on....

1. ALCOHOLS
2. HALIDES

We will focus on these 2 for now!

In chemistry 11 we will learn about various functional groups, specifically 9!

1. Alcohols*
2. Halides*
3. Aldehydes
4. Ketones
5. Carboxylic Acids
6. Ethers
7. Amines
8. Amides
9. Esters

ALCOHOLS:

• An alcohol is a hydrocarbon with a -OH bonded to it!
• Its ending is -OL (i.e Methanol)
• Same naming rules apply
• If a compound has more than one -OH group number both and add -diol, -triol, -tetraol, etc

Examples:

1. After observing the structural diagram try to find some clues to start. From this diagram you see there is an OH, therefore you know this is an alcohol and has to end with -OL
2. Count the longest carbon chain. The longest carbon chain is 8. Therefore, it is 1 Octanol
3. Name the side chains from 1 Octanol. 3 ethyl, 4 propyl
4. The compound is 3 ethyl, 4 propyl 1 octanol

Name the following Alcohols:

1. On the left: You see 2 OH groups and a carbon chain of 2 (eth-). Since this is an alcohol with 2 OH groups, we name this Ethanediol
2. On the right: We know that this is a benzene molecule. But it is not exactly a benzene molecule because it has an OH group attached to it. This is called a Phenol.

HALIDES:

• Group 7 elements (F, Cl, Br, I) can bond to a hydrocarbon chain
• Naming follows standard rules with halides using
• floro-, chloro-, bromo-, and iodo-

1. On the left: You see a carbon chain of 2. (Ethane). The name of this compound is: 1,1,2,2 tetrabromo ethane
2. On the right: You see a carbon chain of 3, and one is double bonded (prop, -ene). The name of this compound is: 2,3 dibromo 3 chloro 1 Propene

Now its your turn! Name the following compounds:

Answers: 

(left) 1,3 dibromo 2,4 dichloro cyclobutane

(middle) 2 bromo, 1 ethyl, 3 floro benzene

(right)  3,3 diphenyl 1 propanol

that is all!

Post by RenRen Flores

ALKENES AND ALKYNES (Double and Triple Bonds)

Today we learned about double & triple bonds, trans & cis butene, and multipliers!

• Carbon can form double & triple bonds with carbon atoms
• When multiple bonds form, fewer hydrogens are attached to the carbon atom
• Naming rules are almost the same as Alkanes (single bonds) but instead we use 2 different endings
• For DOUBLE BONDS (Alkenes) it ends with -ene (i.e Butene)
• For TRIPLE BONDS (Alkynes) it ends with -yne (i.e Heptyne)
• *The position of the double/triple bonds always has the lowest number and is put infront of the parent chain

Let's try a few examples shall we?

NAME THE FOLLOWING COMPOUNDS:

Double Bonds -ene

1. First determine the longest carbon chain. The longest Carbon chain here is 6, therefore we use the stem name -HEX

2. Next, you see a double bond represented by 2 lines (circled in red). Then you know our ending has to end with -ene. So it is 1 Hexene

3. Since you've found your parent chain (1 Hexene), determine the side chains. On #3 and #4 you see a 2 carbon group therefore it is 3,4 diethyl

4. So your answer is 3,4 diethyl hexene

Triple Bond: -yne

MULTIPLE DOUBLE BONDS:

• More than 1 double bond can exist in a molecule
• Use the same multipliers inside the parent chain

We also learned about TRANS & CIS BUTENE!

• If 2 adjacent carbons are bonded by a DOUBLE BOND and have side chains on them 2 possible compounds are possible!
• CIS and TRANS:

Lets try 1 more hard one shall we? Name this compound!

Answer:  4 ethyl, 4,5 dimethyl1 heptene

-Post by Ren